Market Economics
Battery storage earns revenue in multiple markets simultaneously. How these markets work, what they pay and how the revenue stack is composed — explained and backed with live data.
Green Storage Revenue Forecast
EUR / MW p.a.
How much more will Green Storage earn?
Projected revenues for co-located EEG-compliant storage in Germany — PV standalone benchmarked against Green Storage with and without ancillary services.
Research Partner
Forschungsstelle für Energiewirtschaft e.V.
Catalyst Revenue Index
Revenue index for EEG-compliant storage with charging restricted to co-located generation.
Monthly revenues from FCR, aFRR, intraday and day-ahead — aggregated across all market products.
Revenue Streams Overview
Full detailsFCR
Symmetric frequency containment reserve — weekly auctions, high capacity revenues per MW.
aFRR
Automatic frequency restoration reserve — 15-min products with availability and activation revenues.
Intraday
Continuous trading until shortly before delivery — arbitrage on short-term price spikes.
Day-Ahead
Daily spot auction for the next day — spread arbitrage between peak and off-peak.
Direct Marketing
Market premium model under EEG — spot market trading with a government premium payment.
Feed-in Tariff
Fixed tariff under EEG — only for assets below the direct marketing threshold.
EEG Optimisation
Green storage optimisation for co-located assets — RE generation drives dispatch.
Innovation Tender (DE)
Support programme for innovative RE concepts — co-location projects can qualify for dedicated tenders.
Inertia (Momentanreserve)
Fast-response inertia emulation — under regulatory development, currently with limited remuneration.
Capacity Market
Payment for secured capacity availability — not yet introduced in Germany, active in other EU markets.
Revenue Opportunities by Configuration
The regulatory configuration of the storage asset largely determines which markets are accessible and what revenues are realistically achievable.
Constraints & Cost Factors
FCAs
Frequency Containment Agreements limit the simultaneous provision of FCR and aFRR. Depending on the configuration, FCAs can reduce the combined revenue stack by up to −41%.
Ramp Rates
FCR requires full power delivery within 30 seconds. Grid connection conditions may limit power gradients, restricting FCR participation or reducing the bid capacity.
Grid Fees
Capacity-based grid fees and the AgNes surcharge particularly affect grey storage assets. The level and structure varies by grid level and network operator — project-specific calculation is essential.
Related
Note: All analyses and figures are based on simplified model assumptions and historical market data. They are for illustrative purposes and do not constitute investment advice. Project-specific analyses account for individual site parameters, current market prices, and financing structures.
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